What makes it so common? Its long track record of being generally well-tolerated and effective for many common bacterial problems.
Typical adult dosing might be 500 mg every 8 hours or 875 mg every 12 hours, but always follow your specific prescription.
Many people recognize it from past experiences with sore throats or earaches in the family. The key thing to watch for is any history of penicillin allergies, which your doctor will check beforehand.